INTRODUCTION

This checklist is a summary of the occurrence, breeding status, migration, and distribution of birds in Michigan. Used with one of the popular field guides to North American birds, the checklist should be helpful in identifying birds in the field in Michigan.

All species known to occur in the state and documented with specimens, photographs, or tape recordings are included in the checklist. I have accepted only the birds known in the past or at the present time from these permanent reference sources. Museum specimens are the primary sources of information about bird species, and they are the original reference material used in distributional works and field guides. In recent years the biology and distribution of birds have increasingly been determined with field observations, and museum collecting is done only under special circumstances. Most recent information on birds in Michigan is from field observations. A number of interesting new distributional records have been reported in recent years. Most have not been accompanied by adequate detailed descriptions made at the time of sighting in the field. Field observations have not been accepted for the first record of a species in Michigan, unless accompanied by a recognizable photograph or tape recording.

Fig. 1. Map of Michigan indicating the counties. Choose large format, entire state; Lower Peninsula; Upper Peninsula (these last two will fit on one page when printed).

NAMES

Names follow the American Ornithologists' Union (1983). Subspecies names are included only where they differ from those used in works cited in Payne (1983).

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

The list includes the migratory and breeding status of Michigan birds and the seasons of occurrence and their regularity and abundance. Introduced birds and exotics are included only if they have established breeding populations in the wild in Michigan. An asterisk (*) indicates a known breeding record in Michigan. Those birds not represented by specimens, recognizable photographs, tape recordings, or verified banding recoveries are included in brackets and are regarded as hypothetical.

The categories used to describe status are: (1) vagrant, one to four records for the state; (2) occasional, 5-40 records; (3) uncommon, sparse population but usually seen in every year; (4) common, regularly occurring in the state in numbers in every year in suitable habitat. Estimates of population numbers of breeding birds are included where available, as are the migration routes and wintering areas determined from recoveries of banded birds. "Transient" indicates that the species occurs in migration, but unless noted otherwise it does not nest in the state. "Summer resident" indicates that the species occurs in Michigan during the breeding season and that most or all individuals migrate out of the state during the colder time of year. "Regular" birds are seen every year or nearly every year. "Irregular" birds are seen in some years but not in others. "Irruptive" birds occur in large numbers in some years and usually few or none in other years; these are mainly wintering visitors from the northern coniferous forests. The details of seasonal occurrence are available in the seasonal summaries of the Jack-Pine Warbler, Wood (1951), The Goldeneye and annual Field Notes of the Berrien Audubon Society, and Mlodinow (1984).

"Hypotheticals" are those species reported only as sight records but not documented with specimens or photographs. Several of these are reasonable identifications and are supported by detailed written field descriptions. Further field work likely will confirm their occurrence with good photographs or museum specimens.

CHECKLIST

Red-throated Loon, Gavia stellata

Uncommon transient. Most sightings and specimens were on the Great Lakes in spring or autumn. A few recorded into summer (JPW 44:51, 1966). Occasional in winter.

[Pacific Loon, Gavia pacifica

Hypothetical. One was identified on 12 and 18 May 1983 at Whitefish Point (Chippewa County) (MAS; AB 37:872, 1983), another at the same site on 26 May 1984, well-described at the time (AB 38:913, 1984; MORC), but Arctic Loons G. arctica and Pacific Loons are now considered distinct species (Auk 106:680-686, 1965), differing mainly in the gloss of the blackish throat patch.]

*Common Loon, Gavia immer

Common transient, uncommon summer nesting resident in northern Michigan, sometimes nesting on small islands in ponds several miles from their feeding areas on larger lakes. More than 1000 loons have been seen in a good migration day on Lake Superior at Whitefish Point (JPW 62:80, 1984). Occasional in summer in southern Michigan, nesting once in Oakland County (Kelley, 1978), also recent nesting records in Barry County (KNC; UMMZ). Occasional in winter.

*Pied-billed Grebe, Podilymbus podiceps

Common transient and summer resident, local in northern part of state. Population is mainly migratory but a few birds are observed in winter where open water is available.

Horned Grebe, Podiceps auritus

Common transient. Sometimes in large flocks, 1000+ birds (AB 37:872, 1983). Summer observations in the Upper Peninsula. Early winter records on Little Traverse Bay, in Berrien County, in Kalamazoo County (into January), near Lansing (Ingham County) (McWhirter and Beaver l977), and on the Detroit River.

*Red-necked Grebe, Podiceps grisegena

Uncommon transient, most often observed on Great Lakes. Occasional summer resident in the Upper Peninsula. Uncommon in winter. Late summer records (Cheboygan County, Isle Royale) (Wood, 1951; Nelson, 1956) may refer mainly to early autumn migrants. One nesting record, successful, at Cedarville, Mackinac County, in 1975 (Wilson Bull. 89:33-46, 1977).

Eared Grebe, Podiceps nigricollis

Occasional transient. Two specimens, UMMZ 224552, at Black Lake, Ottawa County, on 19 October 1909, and 208557, south of Marlette, Lapeer County, on 20 January 1965. Rarely seen in Winter: observed in Berrien County on 18 December 1982 (AB 37:600, 1983) and in December 1983 and February 1984 (AB 38:319, 1984). Photograph (UMMZ) of bird in breeding plumage at St. Joseph, Berrien County, on 25 May 1981. Another late spring record: Fremont sewage ponds, Newaygo County, on 13 June 1984 (JPW 62:107, 1984). About 30 observations, mainly from St. Joseph, Berrien County (Goldeneye 20(4):5, 1981) and the Muskegon sewage ponds (AB 35:941, 1981; 38:913, 1022, 1984; 39:55, 1985; DNR).

Western Grebe, Aechmophorus occidentalis

Occasional transient. One specimen in adult plumage, GRPM 100009, at Fox Station, Cascade Township, Kent County, on 17 February 1917. Observed in the Lower Peninsula in Berrien County at St. Joseph OBC 9:1, 1970; 14:1, 1975), Muskegon sewage ponds (through summer) (JPW 59:142, 1981), Kalamazoo County (JPW 56:153, 1978; KNC), Hillsdale County (JPW 32:124, 1954), Clinton County (McWhirter and Beaver, 1977), Midland County (DNR), Jackson-Lenawee county line (Auk 62:312, 1945), and Port Huron, St. Clair County (UMMZ). Observed in the Upper Peninsula in Delta and Baraga counties (JPW 52:35, 1974). Clark's Grebe, A. clarkii, now recognized as a distinct species and more western in its range, has not been seen in Michigan.

Northern Gannet, Sula bassanus

Occasional vagrant from the North Atlantic. UMMZ 42189, immature, was taken at Walker Lake, Livingston County, on 19 October 1911. Another immature was collected Thunder Bay, Alpena County, on 10 November 1925 (Empey collection, correspondence in UMMZ). Photographs of immatures from Lake St. Clair, St. Clair County, on 1 December 1929, and Birmingham, Oakland County, on 29 November 1942 (ZVT; UMMZ). One observed on St. Clair River near Port Huron on 13 October 1978 (DAS).

American White Pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos

Occasional to uncommon transient, mainly on the Great Lakes. Observed on Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, Lake Superior (Keweenaw Point, Houghton, and Marquette) (Barrows, 1912; Jordan and Shelton, 1982; MTech; UMMZ) and, less often, inland at Lake Gogebic (Gogebic County) (AB 35:825, 1981), Seney, Schoolcraft County (JPW 22:102, 1944), Houghton Lake (Roscommon County) (Wood, 1951), Rose Lake, Ingham County (McWhirter and Beaver, 1977), Sleepy Hollow State Park, Clinton County (AB 37:990, 1983), Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge, Saginaw County (DNR), and in Kalamazoo County (KNC).

Brown Pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis

Occasional transient. Photograph of adult at Macatawa Bay, Holland, Ottawa County, on 17 June 1978 (AB 32:1162, 1978; HCMZ; UMMZ). Sight observations from Berrien and Ottawa counties (JPW 29:145, 1951; 43:166, 1965; 58:121, 1980; OBC). Early records in Barrows (1912) from Berrien County include an adult shot at St. Joseph.

*Double-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus

Uncommon transient, occasional in winter. The species nested in Michigan waters from 1936 until about 1960. It reappeared again and bred successfully in 1977, when 11 pairs nested on Gravelly Island in northern Lake Michigan. In 1984 there were about 1100 nests at 16 sites in Michigan, up from 68 nests at one site in 1978 (MNFI). Nesting localities are known inland in the Upper Peninsula at Gene's Pond (Dickinson County), on Lake Superior on Traverse Island (Houghton County) and on Tahquamenon Island (Chippewa County), on Lake Michigan on Big Gull Island and Pismire Island (Charlevoix County), Ile aux Galets (Emmet County), Round Island, Snake Island, Gravelly Island, and Little Gull Island (Delta County), and Naubinway Island (Mackinac County), in St. Mary's River on Pipe Islands and Munuscong Bay (Chippewa County), and on Lake Huron on Little St. Martin Island (Mackinac County) and Gull and Scarecrow Islands (Alpena County) (JPW 59:142, 1981; 62:91-102, 1984; AB 35:910, 1981; MNFI).

[Anhinga, Anhinga anhinga

Hypothetical. UMMZ 91960 from St. Mary's River, Sault Ste. Marie (?Ontario) in 1881, was probably a curio shop import (Barrows, 1912). Another was shot on Lake St. Clair, Macomb County, in the early 1930's; no specimen was prepared (UMMZ files).]

*Great Blue Heron, Ardea herodias

Common transient and summer resident. Breeds in woods, feeds in marshes, lakes, and rivers. About 180 breeding colonies are known in Michigan (MNFI). A few birds occur in southern Michigan in winter where open water remains. Winter recoveries are known from as far as 3800 km., from Virginia and South Carolina south to the Gulf Coast, Cuba, Jamaica, Mexico, Belize, and Nicaragua. Of the 17 birds banded as nestlings and recovered in a later year in the breeding season, only on returned to its natal area. Dispersal distances ranged from 0 to 450 km. and averaged 134 km.

*Great Egret, Ardea alba

Common visitor in spring, late summer, and autumn, increasing in numbers throughout the season. As many as 200 are seen in Erie Marshes, Monroe County, in late summer. Has nested in recent years in southwestern Michigan in Kalamazoo County, southeastern Michigan in Oakland, St. Clair (Dickinson Island), Saginaw, and Bay counties (Scharf, 1979; JPW 62:107, 1984; MNFI). Uncommon and irregular elsewhere in Michigan.

Tricolored Heron, Egretta tricolor

Occasional summer visitor. Observed at Erie Gun Club, Monroe County, in May 1965 (Tordoff, 1966; photo in UMMZ). Sighted in Allegan, Monroe, and Macomb counties in May and June (AB 35:826, 1981; 38:913, 1984; JPW 53:145, 1975), Bay and Monroe counties in July (AB 32:1163, 1978, 36:9, 1982, 37:872, 1983), and at Fish Point, Tuscola County, in August (JPW 54:9, 1976). Seen in the Upper Peninsula in the area from Whitefish Point to Tahquamenon and Paradise in Chippewa County in April and May 1979 (DNR). Several late summer and autumn records at Pte. Mouillee, Erie Gun Club, and Erie Marsh, Monroe County (Kelley, 1978; UMMZ). They are often seen in the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge along western Lake Erie in Ohio.

*Cattle Egret, Egretta ibis

Uncommon visitor from spring to late autumn. UMMZ specimen 217606 from Mueller Township, Schoolcraft County, on 10 November, 1970 is the earliest known record for the Upper Peninsula. Seen in the Upper Peninsula in Houghton, Alger, Dickinson, and Chippewa counties (JPW 54:178-179, 1976; WPBO). Most sightings in southern part of state. First recorded in Michigan in the Erie Marsh, Monroe County, in spring 1961 (JPW 41:61, 1963). Has nested on islands in Ohio and Ontario in western Lake Erie (Kelley, 1978; Peck and James, 1983) and in Wisconsin, Michigan (Scharf, 1979; AB 39:302, 1985). The first nest in Michigan was in the Saginaw River island, Bay County, in 1985 (AB 39:915,1986).

Snowy Egret, Egretta thula

Uncommon visitor from spring to autumn. UMMZ specimens: 44334 on 10 May 1889 from Ann Arbor, Washtenaw County; 85917 (10 August 1935) and 91448 (29 August 1937) both from Erie Marsh, Monroe County. Observed at Erie Marsh from spring through autumn (Kelley, 1978; UMMZ), and they breed in the marshes in western Lake Erie in Ohio. Occasional in northern Lower Peninsula (Benzie, Iosco, and Alpena counties).

Little Blue Heron, Egretta caerulea

Uncommon visitor from spring to autumn. A few have been seen in most recent years.

*Green-backed Heron, Ardeola striata

Common summer resident. Occasional birds are seen into early winter; one was seen in Bay County as late as 30 December (AB 39:169, 1985). A bird banded as a nestling on 27 June 1954 near Detroit was recovered in the breeding season in a later year (22 June 1957) in Ohio, a distance of 390 km.

*Black-crowned Night Heron, Nycticorax nycticorax

Uncommon transient and summer resident. Breeding population in 1982 was 310 pairs at active nests at 8 sites located from Saginaw Bay (70% of the population) to Big Bay de Noc in Delta County (MNFI). Many nonbreeding birds occur in summer particularly in southeastern Michigan (Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie) where they formerly nested (Wood, 1951; Kelley, 1978; UMMZ). Occasional in winter. Birds banded in Michigan have been recovered in winter in the southeastern states to Florida, Cuba, Haiti, Mexico, and Central America south to Panama. Of the 16 birds banded as nestlings or juveniles in Michigan and recovered in a subsequent breeding season, 14 were recovered at breeding sites in Michigan or neighboring states at distances from 0 to 552 km. from their birthplace. The other two were recovered on their wintering area, one a yearling in Cuba in July, the other in Panama in June eight years later.

*Yellow-crowned Night Heron, Nyctanassa violacea

Occasional summer resident. No specimens. First recorded in 1964; a possible early record noted also in Barrows (1912:742). Photographed at Bloomfield Hills, Oakland County, on 20 May 1970 (JPW 48:86, 1970), at nest near Erie Marsh, Monroe County, on 17 July 1971 (JPW 50:29, 1972), and at nest in Westland, Wayne County, where it has nested since 1978 (JPW 59:143, 1981; 60:154, 1982; UMMZ). Also nested near the Rouge River, Wayne County, in 1971 (Kelley, 1978). Photographed at Benton Harbor, Berrien County, in July 1979 (UMMZ). More than 20 observations in Michigan (Schoolcraft, Berrien, Van Buren, Allegan, Ottawa, Kalamazoo, Calhoun, Clinton, Ingham, Midland, Washtenaw, Monroe, St. Clair, Oakland, Macomb, and Wayne counties).

*Least Bittern, Ixobrychus exilis

Uncommon transient and summer resident. More numerous in the Lower Peninsula; nesting has been seen in 27 counties throughout the state (Wood, 1951). The dark-phase "Cory's Bittern" ("neoxena") is represented by only one Michigan specimen in UMMZ (91065, taken at Watkins Lake, Jackson County, on 24 August 1894). One banding recovery: a young bird banded near Battle Creek on 23 July 1962 was recovered in October 1962 in South Carolina.

*American Bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus

Uncommon transient and summer resident, occasional in winter in Erie Marsh, Monroe County, and in Berrien County. Numbers appear reduced in southern Michigan in recent years.

White Ibis, Eudocimus albus

Vagrant. An adult was observed near Vicksburg at Oswald's Marsh, Kalamazoo County, on 1 August 1948 (KNC), another was sighted at Shiawassee National Refuge, Saginaw County, on 26 September 1983 (AB 38:205, 1984; MORC). An immature bird was seen on Harsen's Island, St. Clair County, Lake St. Clair, on 19-26 September 1970 (JPW 49:3, 1971; photo in UMMZ).

Glossy Ibis, Plegadis falcinellus

Occasional transient and summer visitor. Adult female specimen from Yoncom Bayou (=4 miles N of Linwood) on Saginaw Bay, Bay County, on 14 June 1939, in Empey collection. Specimen in GRPM examined by Barrows (1912) lacked precise data and data are now unavailable. Observed in Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge, Saginaw County; Mount Pleasant, Isabella County; Maple River Game Area, Gratiot County; Tobico Lagoon, Bay County; Fish Point, Tuscola County; Haehnle Sanctuary, Jackson County; Harsen's Island, St. Clair County; and Erie Marsh, Monroe County (JPW 41:27, 1963; 49:94, 1971; Kelley, 1978; AB 35:943, 1981, 36:979, 1982; UMMZ).

White-faced Ibis, Plegadis chihi

Vagrant. UMMZ 55261, immature, near Jackson, Jackson County, taken on 15 October 1916. Photograph of adult, Dowagiac Creek at Lake LaGrange, Cass County, on 4 May 1969 (JPW 48:33, 1970) is of uncertain species; both the Glossy Ibis and the White-faced Ibis have white around the face in the breeding season. Observers should record eye color and color of the legs. A few other sight records may refer to this species or the previous species.

Wood Stork, Mycteria americana

Vagrant. An immature was collected near Monroe, Monroe County, on 19 June 1910, and photographed (Auk, 28:256, 1911). Photographed near Mason, Ingham County, on 31 July 1963 (JPW 42:229, 1964) and two birds on South Manitou Island, Leelanau County, Lake Michigan, on 29 May 1975 (JPW 53:158, 1975; UMMZ). One earlier record: bird observed at Port Huron, St. Clair County, in autumn, year unknown (Barrows, 1912).

[Greater Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber

Hypothetical, perhaps a vagrant. Observations of this species in Burlington Township, Calhoun County, from 16 August to late September 1959 (Wilson Bull. 73:383, 1961, photos in UMMZ), near Alpena, Alpena County, and Wakefield, Gogegic County, in autumn 1971 (JPW 50:3, 1972), and in Spring Lake Township, Ottawa County, on 13 August 1974 (JPW 52:191, 1974) may be of escaped captive birds. Wild flamingos may appear in northern North America as vagrants. The one flock in North America (Florida Bay) has dwindled to one bird, so it is increasingly unlikely that future observations of flamingos in the north will be of wild birds (AB 39:142, 1985).]

Fulvous Whistling-Duck, Dendrocygna bicolor

Occasional visitor. Two UMMZ specimens (157798, 157799) were taken from flock of 10, North Cape, Monroe County, on 14 October 1962. A third (UMMZ 204767) was shot on Drummond Island, Chippewa County, on 29 September 1979. Photographs of two from Bloomfield Township, Oakland County, on 12 June 1974, seen for the next two weeks (UMMZ).

Black-bellied Whistling-Duck, Dendrocygna autumnalis

Vagrant. Observed at Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo County, on 25 July 1981 (AB 35:941, 1981), photo in UMMZ. The bird may have been an escaped captive but appeared quite wild (KNC). Increased numbers of breeding wild and feral populations are known in Louisiana and Texas in recent years (G. H. Lowery, Louisiana Birds, 3rd Ed., 1974; Todd, 1979), and scattered sightings in the eastern United States in recent years may be derived from these birds.

Tundra Swan, Cygnus columbianus

Common transient. Up to 2000 seen locally in migration in early spring (JPW 59:106, 1981). Summer records near Midland, Midland County, and Lake Linden, Houghton County (JPW 43:84,144, 1965), in Oakland County (JPW 49:122, 1971), in Monroe County (Kelley, 1978), in Mackinac County in 1981 (MNFI), and in Benzie and Delta counties in 1982 (JPW 60:154, 1982). A few winter locally on Grand Traverse Bay and in southern Michigan in Ottawa, Kalamazoo, and occasionally Berrien counties. Observations of marked birds show that birds flying over Michigan winter mainly in the Mid-Atlantic states and breed in northwest from Manitoba to Northwest Territories (Wildfowl 24:8-14, 1973).

Trumpeter Swan, Cygnus buccinator

Vagrant. One record, USNM 70317: St. Clair Flats, Michigan, on 20 November 1875. No recent observations. Nested in the Midwest west of the Great Lakes in the 1800's, but there were no nesting records in Michigan (Wilson Bull. 76:331-338, 1964; 80:228-229, 1968). Captive Trumpeter Swans were released in the 1980's in Minnesota, and may eventually produce wild birds (AB 39:302, 1985).

*Mute Swan, Cygnus olor

Introduced, now a common breeding bird locally in the Lower Peninsula especially in Traverse Bay and Houghton Lake areas. Also observed in the Upper Peninsula mainly around Marquette and L'Anse on Lake Superior. Apparently most birds remain in Michigan throughout the year, but there are local migrations. Traverse City population began with a breeding pair in 1920; after 1933 the birds spread in the northwestern Lower Peninsula. Estimated total number of 1440 birds in Michigan in 1981 (DNR). Breeding distribution of main population of 1100 birds includes 11 counties in northern lower Michigan, with these birds wintering in Grand Traverse Bay from 1948 (MAN 18(5):3, 7, 1970). Other wintering areas in northern lower Michigan occur from Benzie to Cheboygan and Presque Isle counties (W. L. Gelston and R. D. Wood, 1982. The Mute Swan in Northern Michigan.). Also nests in Delta, Muskegon, Allegan, Berrien, Jackson, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, and Wayne counties (JPW 46:131, 1968; 59:143, 1981; 61:102, 1983; DNR; UMMZ). Uncommon in winter in the southern counties.

Greater White-fronted Goose, Anser albifrons

Occasional transient. No current specimen is known. The specimen in the Barron collection (Barrows, 1912) has been lost. Photograph of bird captured and released at Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge, Saginaw County, in 1967 in UMMZ, also photos taken of bird at Silver Lake, Washtenaw County, in 1964 (JPW 43:45-46, 1965) and at Wintergreen Lake, Kalamazoo County, in 1966 (JPW 45:38-39, 1967; photo in UMMZ). As many as 11 seen in the Allegan State Game Area, Allegan County, in 1982. Seen at several localities in late winter in 1985. Observed in the Upper Peninsula in Houghton, Marquette, Schoolcraft, Chippewa, and Delta counties, and at scattered localities throughout the Lower Peninsula.

Snow Goose, Chen caerulescens

Common transient. Flocks of hundreds observed mainly in autumn, rather local, but regular at Muskegon sewage ponds, Muskegon County, and in Allegan State Game Area, Allegan County. Occasional in winter. Both white-phase birds and blue-phase birds ("Blue Goose") occur in Michigan; white- phase birds are the more numerous.

Ross' Goose, Chen rossii

Vagrant. Photographed in Allegan State Game Area, Allegan County, on 27 October-12 November 1979 (AB 34:164, 1980; photos in UMMZ). Another bird was shot at Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge, Saginaw County, on 9 October 1980 (AB 35:185, 1981).

Brant, Branta bernicla

Uncommon transient and winter visitor. Observed at Keewenaw Point, Keewenaw County, and Whitefish Point and in Munuscong Bay, Chippewa County (JPW 59:143, 1981; UMMZ). Sight records in the Lower Peninsula at Cheboygan, Cheboygan County (AB 39:302, 1985), Wintergreen Lake, Kalamazoo County (ZVT; DNR), St. Joseph, Berrien County (photo in UMMZ), Grand Haven, Ottawa County (JPW 51:23, 1973), Tawas Point, Iosco County (JPW 37:152-153, 1959), New Buffalo, Berrien County (AB 39:169, 1985), and Monroe, Monroe County (AB 33:179, 1979; UMMZ). A few have been seen in recent years in flight along Lake Erie and near Port Huron and the species has increased its occurrence in this area in spring and autumn (DAS; UMMZ).

Barnacle Goose, Branta leucopsis

Occasional transient, but status as a wild species is questionable. Two specimens, CMU 75-305 and 75-7, were collected at Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge, Saginaw County, on 18 October 1973 and 25 October 1974 (also JPW 54:131-132, 1976, photograph). Two other birds, one photographed, were seen in Allegan State Game Area, Allegan County, on 25 October 1979 (AB 34:164, 1980); another photographed 22 October 1983 (AB 38:205, 1984; UMMZ). Immature reported from Naubinway, Mackinac County, on 21 May 1965 (JPW 43:157, 1965). Two birds were seen at Fish Point, Tuscola County, in October 1976 (JPW 58:20, 1980), one on 30 March 1980 (JPW 58:112, 1980), and one at Muskegon Wastewater System on 7 March 1983 (AB 37:872, 1983). All records are in normal migration season, indicating that they were wild birds, but escaped captive birds may move at the same time, and it is quite possible that all birds seen in Michigan and elsewhere in the United States are escaped captives (Birding 16:146-154, 1984).

*Canada Goose, Branta canadensis

Common transient and breeding resident throughout Michigan. Breeding range has extended through the past 40 years to include the entire state. First noted breeding in Berrien County in 1982. Winters locally where snow is not too deep. Some birds observed in all months in the southern counties. Winter flocks of hundreds in Berrien County (OBC) and more than 10,000 in Allegan County. Restocking of original population is responsible for the present high numbers. Population at Seney National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1936 from geese derived from Minnesota and North Dakota, in the breeding range of B. c. maxima (notes in UMMZ). Geese breeding in southeastern Michigan also are B. c. maxima (JPW 57:56-69, 1979; 58:99-103, 1980). Many specimens shot in autumn migration are of the smaller northern forms B. c. interior, B. c. hutchinsii, and B. c. parvipes (UMMZ). A bird shot at Flat River, Kent County on 16 October 1982, is B. c. minima, the form that breeds in coastal Alaska (collection of J. Moermond; notes and photos in UMMZ).

*Wood Duck, Aix sponsa

Common transient and summer resident. Regular in winter in small numbers in southern Michigan, where it is seen throughout the year (Berrien County).

*Green-winged Teal, Anas crecca

Common transient. Common but local summer resident. Breeding records scattered throughout state with nests on Isle Royale, at Seney in Schoolcraft County (several years in 1930's and 1940's), Sedge Point near Cheboygan, Cheboygan County (summer 1939), Mackinac Island (June 1937), near Grayling in Crawford County (June 1974), at Muskegon sewage ponds, Muskegon County (25 July 1984), at Benton Harbor, Berrien County (late May 1973), in Kalamazoo County (1 July 1974, 12 July 1976), and Linwood, Bay County (9 June 1930) (Wood, 1951; Nelson, 1956; JPW 51:147, 1973; 52:182, 1974; 62:107, 1984; Jordan and Shelton, 1982; UMMZ). Uncommon in winter, observed regularly in Berrien County in winter in last 10 years (OBC). A hybrid Anas crecca x A. acuta (UMMZ 867 1/2) from "Michigan" and taken in the last century has no further data.

*American Black Duck, Anas rubripes

Common transient and locally common summer resident throughout state, probably most numerous in the southeast. Winters in suitable habitat in southern Michigan. Anas rubripes hybridizes with A. platyrhynchos (14 hybrid specimens in UMMZ, 1 MSU specimen, and 1 CM specimen are known from Michigan).

*Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos

Common transient and summer resident; some wild birds may be permanent residents especially in the south, where they occur in all months. Nest as early as March. Common in winter in suitable habitat throughout state.

*Northern Pintail, Anas acuta

Common transient, occasional local summer resident. The few breeding records known are throughout the state (Wood, 1951; Kelley, 1978; JPW 61:102, 1983). Winters occasionally and locally in southern counties, rarely in the north (AB 38:319, 1984).

*Blue-winged Teal, Anas discors

Common transient, common summer resident, breeding throughout the state. A few have been observed in winter.

Cinnamon Teal, Anas cyanoptera

Occasional transient. One specimen: MSU 6161, Marcellus, Cass County, on 3 October 1969. Another (specimen not located) near Saginaw, was taken in early April in 1939 or 1940 (JPW 37:122, 1959). Observed at Zilwaukee, Saginaw County, on 19 April 1959 (JPW 37:154, 1959), Grand Mere, Berrien County, on 6 May 1961 (UMMZ), Fish Point Wildlife Area, Tuscola County, on 9 May 1968 (JPW 46:87, 1968), Lake Michigan shoreline near St. Ignace , Mackinac County, on 2 May 1977 (DNR), and Sugar Bush Road sewage pond, Macomb County, on 26-29 April 1982 (DAS).

*Northern Shoveler, Anas clypeata

Uncommon transient and uncommon summer resident. Has nested at Fish Point in Tuscola County, near Linwood in Bay County, at Muskegon sewage ponds in Muskegon County, in Portage Marsh in Delta County, and at Seney in Schoolcraft County (Wood, 1951; JPW 52:182, 1974; 54:162, 1976). Observed in summer in Berrien and Kalamazoo counties (JPW 49:122, 1971; 52:182, 1974; OBC). Occasional in winter.

*Gadwall, Anas strepera

Common transient and uncommon summer resident. Breeds locally, with nesting records from Green Island, Gull Island, and Ile aux Galets in northern Lake Michigan; Black River Island, Lake Huron; Scarecrow Island, Thunder Bay; Little Charity Island, Saginaw Bay; and Pte. Mouillee, Monroe County (ZVT; JPW 47:127, 1969; JPW 60:154, 1982; MAS; UMMZ). Uncommon in winter, sometimes over 100 birds in Kalamazoo County (KNC).

Eurasian Wigeon, Anas penelope

Occasional transient. Specimens from Erie Marsh, Monroe County, taken at turn of the century, one examined by Barrows (1912). Another specimen in Carnegie Museum (CM 117705) was taken at Erie, Monroe County, on 25 October 1936. Several sight observations in southeastern Michigan (Kelley, 1978), also observed in Tuscola, Muskegon, Ottawa, and Kalamazoo counties (DNR; KNC; MAS; UMMZ). Seen in the Upper Peninsula at Whitefish Point, Chippewa County (JPW 53:103, 1975).

*American Wigeon, Anas americana

Common transient, uncommon and local summer resident. Nests at Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Schoolcraft County (Wood, 1951); occasionally nests in Oakland and Monroe counties (Kelley, 1978). Uncommon in winter, regular in small numbers in Kalamazoo County (KNC).

*Canvasback, Aythya valisineria

Common transient; uncommon and local breeding resident. Nesting observed on St. Clair Flats, St. Clair County, in 1880 (Wood, 1951), where species is regularly observed in summer (Kelley, 1978; UMMZ), at Muskegon sewage ponds, Muskegon County, in 1974 (JPW 52:182, 1974), and in Portage Marsh, west of Escanaba, Delta County, female with small young on 18 July 1955 (UMMZ). Summer record at St. Joseph, Berrien County, on 29 June 1973 (Goldeneye 12(5):2, 1973). Winters locally in Berrien County, on Lake St. Clair, and on the Detroit and St. Clair rivers.

*Redhead, Aythya americana

Common transient, most abundant in autumn, with thousands in a day along the shore of Lake Michigan in Berrien County in October. Breeds uncommonly and locally, with nesting records in Tuscola, Huron, Saginaw, Gratiot, St. Clair, Oakland and Wayne counties (Wood, 1951; ZVT; Kelley, et al., 1963; UMMZ). Nesting in southeastern Michigan has been observed in recent years also at Pte. Mouillee, Monroe County, and near Ann Arbor, Washtenaw County (MNFI, UMMZ). Nests in the Upper Peninsula in Munuscong Bay, Chippewa County (UMMZ). Winters in small numbers.

*Ring-necked Duck, Aythya collaris

Common transient. Abundant in autumn along the shores of Lake Michigan. Breeds on Isle Royale, in the Upper Peninsula (numerous at Seney National Wildlife Refuge) and sparingly in northern Lower Peninsula; locally in southern Lower Peninsula, with 12 broods in Kalamazoo County from 1972 through 1976 (ZVT; JPW 49:130, 1971; 51:147, 1973; Pettingill, 1974; Jordan and Shelton, 1982; KNC). Ring-necked Ducks were not known to breed in Michigan before 1928 (Wood, 1951), and in Ontario before 1919 (Peck and James, 1983). Occasional in winter.

Tufted Duck, Aythya fuligula

Vagrant. Specimen collected at Whitmore Lake, Livingston- Washtenaw County line, in October 1973; (JPW 52:150-151, 1974; photo in UMMZ) was a possible escapee, but the species has been recorded as an accidental in several northeastern states and in Ontario (Peterson, 1981; James, et al., 1976).

Greater Scaup, Aythya marila

Common transient. A nesting record (St. Clair Flats, 1879) is questionable, as it is based on description of eggs and nest, both indistinguishable from Redhead, plus a female said to be this scaup killed in flight over the nest; no such specimen has been found (Bull. Nuttall Ornithol. Club 5:62, 1880). There is no earlier published record of the species in Michigan (Gibbs, 1879; Wood, 1951). Occasional in winter.

*Lesser Scaup, Aythya affinis

Common transient, more numerous than Greater Scaup. Occasional in early summer, more or less regular into early winter. One breeding record, in Dickinson County on 20 May 1941 (ZVT).

Common Eider, Somateria mollissima

Occasional transient and winter visitor. Photographs at Marquette, Marquette County, of a female on 21 February 1971 and a male in November-December 1975 (JPW 49:10-11, 1971; UMMZ), and a female at St. Joseph, Berrien County, on 4 January 1981 (AB 35:302, 1981; UMMZ). Also observed at Port Huron, St. Clair County (three records in UMMZ).

King Eider, Somateria spectabilis

Occasional autumn transient and winter visitor. Winter observations of birds at Muskegon, Muskegon County, and Harbor Springs, Emmet County, on 2-3 February 1974 (UMMZ). One observed and photographed at Saginaw Bay in summer (17 June 1981; JPW 59:143, 1981). About 22 observations through 1985, including birds at Whitefish Point, St. Mary's River, Alpena, Muskegon, Port Huron (flock of 20 on 1 December 1979; JPW 58:87, 1980), Detroit River, and Monroe (DAS; MAS).

Harlequin Duck, Histrionicus histrionicus

Occasional transient and winter visitor. Two UMMZ specimens: 156632, taken at Port Huron, St. Clair County, on 7 February 1962; 220311 (wing only) taken at St. Clair, St. Clair County, on 6 October 1971. GRPM 28505, Kent County, on 18 February 1962; HCMZ 620, at Saugatuck, Allegan County, on 31 December 1965. Regular in winter at Sault Ste. Marie, Chippewa County (JPW 57:151, 1979; MAS). Ten records for Berrien County (St. Joseph, New Buffalo, Berrien Springs) from October through May (OBC; photo in UMMZ), also seen in Presque Isle, Alcona, Benzie, Ottawa, Muskegon, Kalamazoo, St. Clair, Wayne (Grosse Ile), and Monroe counties (AB 32:207, 1978; 38:205, 1983 (photo); UMMZ; DAS; KNC; MAS).

Oldsquaw, Clangula hyemalis

Uncommon transient and winter resident on southern Great Lakes, seen mainly on Lake Michigan. Often far offshore and not easily seen from land. One was seen at Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Schoolcraft County, in late Spring on 7 June 1971 (JPW 49:122, 1971). Irregular transient and winter resident on larger inland lakes.

Black Scoter, Melanitta nigra

Uncommon transient, mainly on the Great Lakes. Occasional in winter and spring at St. Joseph, Berrien County (Goldeneye 20(3):1, 1981; OBC). Seen once in summer, on Lake Michigan (JPW 61:102, 1983). Sighted regularly, sometimes in hundreds in autumn, and less often in early winter, at Whitefish Point, in Saginaw Bay, at Port Huron, at St. Joseph and New Buffalo in Berrien County, and on the Detroit River (Goldeneye 20(3):1, 1981; AB 39:169,1985; DAS; MAS).

Surf Scoter, Melanitta perspicillata

Uncommon transient, observed mainly on Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, and St. Clair, and on the Detroit River. Seasonally regular on Lake Superior at Houghton and Whitefish Point and on Lake Huron in Saginaw Bay. Occasionally seen in winter. Infrequent inland.

White-winged Scoter, Melanitta fusca

Common autumn and spring transient on large lakes, sometimes remaining in winter. More than 300 have been seen in a single day in migration on Lake Superior (JPW 62:81, 1984). Has also been observed in mid-June between Beaver Island and High Island in northern Lake Michigan. One was seen as late as 24 June 1985 in Mackinac County (AB 39:915, 1986). Observed regularly at Whitefish Point, where thousands have been sighted in early spring (AB 38:913, 1984; 39:302, 1985), at St. Joseph in Berrien County, in Saginaw Bay in Chippewa County, at Port Huron in St. Clair County, and on the Detroit River (DAS; MAS); inland in Ingham and Clinton counties (McWhirter and Beaver, 1977) and in Kalamazoo County (KNC).

*Common Goldeneye, Bucephala clangula

Common transient, summer resident nesting in northern Michigan, winters locally. In late 1960's, numbers to thousands on St. Joseph River above the dam at Berrien Springs, Berrien County, but no more than a few hundred in recent years.

Barrow's Goldeneye, Bucephala islandica

Occasional transient and winter visitor. UMMZ specimen 114543 from Gun Lake, Barry County, adult male, 7 November 1946. Another specimen (UMMZ 224553) from Black Lake, Ottawa County, female, 22 March 1907, was identified as this species (Barrows, 1912), but it is a common goldeneye. Observed at Marquette harbor, Marquette County (JPW 41:62, 1962; AB 35:302, 1981), Sault Ste. Marie, Chippewa County (AB 35:302, 1981); St. Ignace, Mackinac County; Iosco, Iosco County(JPW 62:55, 1984), Benton Harbor and Niles, Berrien County (Goldeneye 11:2, 1972; JPW 60:91, 1982), Port Huron, St. Clair County; on Lake St. Clair, Macomb County; and Grosse Ile, Wayne County (Kelley, 1978; UMMZ). Observed inland at Grand Rapids, Kent County; Hartland, Livingston County; and Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo County (JPW 44:87, 1966; 54:25, 1976; DNR; MAS).

Bufflehead, Bucephala albeola

Common transient. A few sight records in summer in the north. Uncommon but regularly seen on open water in winter.

*Hooded Merganser, Lophodytes cucullatus

Common transient, uncommon summer resident in northern Michigan. Scarce in southern Lower Michigan during the summer, but a few breeding records south to Kalamazoo, Calhoun, Oakland, and Berrien counties (Wood, 1951; JPW 52:182, 1974; Kelley, 1978; OBC). Uncommon in winter.

*Common Merganser, Mergus merganser

Common transient, common summer resident. Nests throughout northern Michigan south to Saginaw Bay. Winters locally, when common in southeastern corner of the state, with as many as 13,995 seen on Christmas Bird Counts (AB 37:304,1983).

*Red-breasted Merganser, Mergus serrator

Common transient on Great Lakes; uncommon summer resident. Occurs locally along the Great Lakes south to Berrien County and southeastern Michigan (OBC; Kelley, 1978; UMMZ). Nests regularly on High, Beaver, Garden, and Hog Islands in northern Lake Michigan (F. Cuthbert, in UMMZ). Winters locally, occasionally at Sault Ste. Marie (JPW 62:55,1984), in some years numbers up to 1000 birds on open water throughout the winter in southeastern Michigan (Kelley, 1978).

*Ruddy Duck, Oxyura jamaicensis

Common transient. Uncommon breeding bird, with nests in last 100 years from Dickinson, Bay, and Gratiot counties (JPW 51:141-142, 1973). Nested at the Erie Marsh, Monroe County, in July 1978 (JPW 56:202, 1978). Male observed and suspected nesting at Marquette, Marquette County, in July 1975 (UMMZ) and seen in summer at MWS and Pte. Mouille, Monroe County (JPW 60:154, 1982). Winters locally.

[Black Vulture, Coragyps atratus

Hypothetical. The specimen formerly in Barron collection (now discarded) was perhaps local but lacked data (Fort St. Joseph Museum records). Sight records at Sarett Nature Center, Berrien County, on 8 April 1972 (Goldeneye 11:3, 1972), observed at Good Harbor Bay, Leelanau County, on 26 May 1974 (JPW 53:114, 1975), and at Whitefish Point, Chippewa County, on 7 July 1984(JPW 62:107, 1984; MORC).]

*Turkey Vulture, Cathartes aura

Common transient and summer resident in the Lower Peninsula, uncommon in the Upper Peninsula, but increasing there in numbers in recent years. Whitefish Point has seen as many as 48 in a spring migration period. Northernmost nesting report is of a nest north of Riggsville; Cheboygan County, fledging in July 1984 (UMBS). Two observations on Isle Royale (Jordan and Shelton, 1982). Migrants arrive in southern Michigan in March, late birds seen into November. Occasional as early as February and as late as December (JPW 61:64, 1983; 62:55, 1984).

*Osprey, Pandion haliaetus

Transient and summer resident. Birds observed in all month but January, usually arrive in April. Breeding population in 1981 was about 123 nesting pairs (30 pairs in western Upper Peninsula, 46 in eastern Upper Peninsula, 47 in northern Lower Peninsula). In 1982, 131 nesting pairs were seen, 80 in the Upper Peninsula and 51 in the northern Lower Peninsula. In 1983, 138 nests were reported, and in 1984, 132 nests, with a record 164 young that fledged (MNFI). Recent nesting records south and west to Muskegon, Mecosta, and Ogemaw counties. Notable concentrations of nesting Osprey are in Roscommon County (Houghton Lake and Dead Stream Swamp), Alpena and Montmorency counties (Fletcher Pond), and Mackinac and Luce counties (the Manistique Lakes) (DNR; MNFI). Nested on Isle Royale in 1984, the first successful breeding pair since 1963 (MNFI).

American Swallow-tailed Kite, Elanoides forficatus

Vagrant. One specimen: UMMZ 55075, near Ann Arbor, Washtenaw County, collected 4 October 1924. Three other specimens (not located) were collected in 1880 and 1882 (Barrows, 1912). No observations in recent years.

[Mississippi Kite, Ictinia mississippiensis

Hypothetical. Listed in Barrows (1912) but the record was unsupported by a specimen (Swales, 1913). A subadult was seen at Whitefish Point, Chippewa County, on 24 May 1981 (AB 35:826, 1981; MORC). An adult was described at Kalamazoo on 30 April 1984 (JPW 62:81, 1984; KNC; MORC).]

*Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus

Uncommon transient and summer resident, breeding locally around small inland lakes in the Upper Peninsula, where 70 percent of the breeding pairs live, and in northern Lower Peninsula south to Muskegon, Newaygo, Clare, Saginaw, and Allegan counties. Formerly widespread as a nesting species both inland and along the shoreline of the Great Lakes, but population declined due to pesticides. Now again nesting successfully near the shores of Lake Superior. Has not bred successfully in recent years on Isle Royale (Jordan and Shelton, 1982). In recent censuses there were 102 nesting pairs in 1981, 96 nesting pairs in 1982, 110 in 1983, 107 in 1984, and 125 in 1985 in Michigan (MNFI). Eagles banded as nestlings in Michigan have been recovered in winter in Florida, Georgia, Arkansas, and Tennessee (Auk 93:835-836, 1976). A bird banded as a nestling in Florida was shot later in the same year at Grass Lake, Jackson County (UMMZ 113761). Bald Eagles sometimes are seen near open water in the winter; 73 were counted in Michigan in mid-winter in 1985 (MNFI).

*Northern Harrier, Circus cyaneus

Uncommon transient and summer resident, decreasing greatly in numbers since 1960 but holding its own locally in the Upper Peninsula and the northern Lower Peninsula in recent years (DNR). Seen in small numbers in winter.

*Sharp-shinned Hawk, Accipiter striatus

Common transient. Common nesting resident in the Upper Peninsula. Uncommon as a breeding bird in the Lower Peninsula. Whitefish Point, Chippewa County, is an area of concentration of migrants on Lake Superior in spring. Birds banded at Whitefish Point in spring have been recovered in winter in Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador. In autumn they have been recovered on the west end of Lake Superior and the north side of Lake Erie, indicating flights along the shoreline rather than across the Great Lakes (J. Field Orn. 56:346-355, 1985). Uncommon in winter.

*Cooper's Hawk, Accipiter cooperii

Uncommon transient and summer resident. Reports indicate an increase in population in recent years. Some birds occur in winter, where they are seen especially around towns where they take birds near bird feeders. Records in the past 30 years in the north from Luce, Alpena, and Crawford counties and others in the south (DNR; UMMZ).

*Northern Goshawk, Accipiter gentilis

Uncommon transient and winter visitant. Breeds on Isle Royale, in the Upper Peninsula (several nests in Houghton and Marquette counties), and in the northern Lower Peninsula. Recent (since 1970) nestings in the Upper Peninsula and in the Lower Peninsula south to Mason, Osceola, Clare, and Midland counties. Migrating goshawks are best observed at Whitefish Point.

*Red-shouldered Hawk, Buteo lineatus

Uncommon transient and summer resident, now more numerous in the northeastern Lower Peninsula than in southern Michigan. A few pairs nest in southeastern Michigan, where formerly common, and a few nest in the Upper Peninsula north to Houghton County (JPW 58:73-75, 1980; UMMZ). Species reduced in numbers since before 1970, when 16 additional counties in the Lower Peninsula had reports of active nests. Occasional in winter in the south.

*Broad-winged Hawk, Buteo platypterus

Common transient and local summer resident. Nesting south to Muskegon County and into southeastern Michigan, more numerous in the northern forests (JPW 52:182, 1974; 56:204, 1978; UMMZ). This is the most numerous hawk seen in spring migration on points on the south side of Lake Superior (J. Hawk Migr. Assn. N. Amer. 2:24-33, 1980; WPBO). Birds banded in migration at Whitefish Point, Chippewa County, have been recovered as far south as Guatemala, others north to Ontario and Quebec (JPW 59:51, 1981). No acceptable winter record.

Swainson's Hawk, Buteo swainsoni

Occasional transient. Recent sight records in Ontonagon, Chippewa, Kent, Cheboygan, Ottawa, Monroe, and Berrien counties (AB 38:913, 1984; 39:302, 1985; DAS; DNR; KNC; OBC; UMMZ).

*Red-tailed Hawk, Buteo jamaicensis

Common transient and permanent resident, more numerous in the south. Less common but regular in southern Michigan in winter. This is the most abundant large hawk in agricultural areas in Michigan. The common breeding form in Michigan is B. j. borealis. Pale specimens approaching form B. j. krideri taken in Michigan in spring and autumn (UMMZ). Sight records of B. j. harlani at Whitefish Point, Chippewa County, on 17 April 1979 (WPBO), at Moran, Mackinac County, on 22 May 1982 (UMMZ), and at Muskegon State Game Area on 7 and 14 April 1984 (AB 38:913, 1984).

[Ferruginous Hawk, Buteo regalis

Hypothetical. Sight records in Kalamazoo County on 9 January 1977 (JPW 56:51-52, 1978) and at Whitefish Point, Chippewa County, on 30 May 1979 and 25 April 1985 (WPBO, 1979; AB 39:302, 1985).]

Rough-legged Hawk, Buteo lagopus

Uncommon transient and winter visitor in most of the state, wintering mainly in southern half of state, irregular in numbers. Common transient in the western Upper Peninsula. Occasional birds remain into June (JPW 56:204, 1978; AB 35:941, 1981). Regularly seen in spring hawk migration at Whitefish Point and on Keweenaw Peninsula (J. Hawk Migr. Assn. N. Amer. 2:24-33, 1980).

Golden Eagle, Aquila chrysaetos

Occasional transient and winter visitor. Golden Eagles are usually seen in migration, with several records at Whitefish Point, Chippewa County, at Houghton, Houghton County, on the jack-pine plains in northern Lower Peninsula, along Lake Michigan in Muskegon and Berrien counties, and on Lake Erie at Lake Erie Metropark, Wayne County, and Pte. Mouillee, Monroe County. As many as 17 have been seen in spring migration season at Whitefish Point (AB 38:913, 1984). Reported once in summer in Marquette County (JPW 56:204, 1978). Occasionally winters in the Allegan State Game Area, Allegan County, and occasionally is seen in winter in other sites in Michigan (Wilson Bull. 96:692-701, 1984).

[Crested Caracara, Polyborus plancus

Hypothetical. Observed at Muskegon Dunes State Park, Muskegon County, on 3 September 1977 (UMMZ). Possible escapee.]

*American Kestrel, Falco sparverius

Common migrant and summer resident. Winters in smaller numbers in southern third of state, where some individuals may be permanent residents. Birds banded in Michigan have been recovered locally in all seasons; others have moved between Michigan and Ontario, Wisconsin, Indiana, Tennessee, Alabama, and Alberta.

*Merlin, Falco columbarius

Uncommon transient. Rare breeding bird in the Upper Peninsula and on Isle Royale. Nesting records in 1950's and 1960's from Marquette, Marquette County, in the Huron Mountains, Luce County (13 miles E of Deer Park), in Schoolcraft County (Seney), Mackinac County (8.5 miles S of Gould City), and Isle Royale (DNR; UMMZ). Observations of possible nesting birds in Mackinac County, in 1981, in Baraga County in 1982 (UMMZ), and at White Pine, Ontonagon County, in 1983 (JPW 61:102, 1983). Three or four active nests seen each year 1979-1984 on Isle Royale; nests in spruce forests, usually near a shoreline (UMMZ; Jordan and Shelton, 1982). Pairs are also sighted annually in the Huron Mountains, Marquette County, and at Porcupine Mountains State Park, Ontonagon County (MNFI). Observed in migration mainly on the shoreline of the Great Lakes, with as many as 40 in a season at Whitefish Point, on Lake Superior (AB 39:303, 1985). Occasional in winter.

*Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus

Uncommon transient. Most records are along the shoreline of the Great Lakes during migration of shorebirds, gulls, and songbirds. Observed most frequently at Whitefish Point on Lake Superior. As many as 14 have been spotted in a season at this site (AB 39:303, 1985). Formerly nested in the Upper Peninsula (Goose Lake escarpments, Huron Islands, Huron Mountains, and Lake Superior cliffs and at Marquette and "Michigumni" (Michigamme) in Marquette County, and Pictured Rocks and Grand Island in Alger County (Wood, 1951; MNFI). Also nested on Mackinac Island and on South Fox Island, Leelanau County (Wood, 1951); specimen of nesting female of latter, UMMZ 104646, taken 20 June 1939. A bird banded as a nestling at Marquette, Marquette County, on 25 June 1939 was shot at Maumee Bay, Lucas County, Ohio, on 24 October 1939 (UMMZ 112900). The last known nesting in Michigan was at Burnt Bluff, Delta County, in 1957 (D. D. Berger and H. C. Mueller, in J. J. Hickey (ed.), Peregrine Falcon Populations, 1969:119-120; JPW 53:77, 1975). It appears also to have nested in the Huron Mountains in the early 1970's, perhaps the last nesting by wild peregrines east of the Mississippi River (K. L. Christopher, MS thesis, "A Survey of Peregrine Falcon Habitat in Upper Michigan with Emphasis on Reintroduction Potential," Michigan Technological University, 1980). Other historical records of nesting thought to be peregrines are described in Christopher (1980). A few birds have been observed in winter. Most Michigan specimens are F. p. anatum, the subspecies breeding in eastern North America and formerly in Michigan. Five specimens, all immatures taken in fall migration, represent the northern tundra subspecies F. p. tundrius, which is small, pale, and has finer head markings (Auk 85:179-191, 1968). They are UMMZ 136040 taken 2 miles N of Imlay City, Lapeer County, on 2 October 1947; UMMZ 61474 from Norton Twp., Muskegon County, on 27 Spetember 1929; UMMZ 61473 from Isle Royale on 15 September 1929; UMMZ 41245 from Charity Islands, Arenac County, on 3 October 1910; and PMNH 774 from Bay Shore, Bay County, on 6 October 1900.

Gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus

Occasional winter visitor. One specimen: UMMZ 68416, Sault Ste. Marie, Chippewa County, on 21 January 1932. Regular transient along Lake Superior at Whitefish Point and Sault Ste. Marie, Chippewa County. Recent observations of wintering Gyrfalcons on the ice near Isle Royale, in Houghton County, in Ontonagon County, in Mackinac County, at Honor in Benzie County (photo in UMMZ), Muskegon in Muskegon County, Hudsonville in Ottawa County, St. Joseph and Sarett Nature Center in Berrien County, Port Huron in St. Clair County, Chesterfield Township in Macomb County (gray bird), Pte. Mouillee in Monroe County, and in Saline Township in Washtenaw County (white phase bird) (OBC 6:5, 1967; JPW 60:91, 1982; 62:29, 1984; AB 36:296, 1982; MAS; UMMZ).

Prairie Falcon, Falco mexicanus

Vagrant. Sight record of bird flying north from Whitefish Point, Chippewa County, on 3 May 1982 (UMMZ). An injured bird was found near Hubbardston, Clinton County, on 5 November 1982, held in captivity for a few weeks and photographed and released. (Michigan Natural Resources Magazine 52(2):6, 1983).

*Gray Partridge, Perdix perdix

Introduced. Local resident, formerly uncommon, now rare. Wild-collected specimens in UMMZ and MSU from Washtenaw, Lenawee, and Isabella counties. First introductions were in 1910 (J. Wildlife Mgmt. 7:368-377, 1943). Most recent introduction was in Sanilac County in 1969, where seen recently near Deckerville; also observed in Lenawee County in spring of 1981 (DNR).

*Ring-necked Pheasant, Phasianus colchicus

Introduced. Common resident in the south. Population extends north to Huron, Gladwin, Isabella, Grand Traverse, and Muskegon counties, also on Beaver Island, and in Menominee County in the Upper Peninsula (JPW 42:237, 1964; MA 27(4):2, 1979; DNR).

*Spruce Grouse, Dendragapus canadensis

Local resident, fairly common in the Upper Peninsula; also in the northern Lower Peninsula where uncommon and local south to Genesee (once), Crawford, and Roscommon counties (UMMZ). Spruce Grouse are quiet birds in coniferous habitats, especially in a mixture of jack pine and spruce (Robinson, 1980). They can survive the winter on a diet of conifer needles.

[Willow Ptarmigan, Lagopus lagopus

Hypothetical. Irregular winter visitor in last century, with last observations in 1921 and 1930-31 (Wood, 1951). No known Michigan specimens. Kneeland (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 6:237, 1857) reported ptarmigan on the Keweenaw Peninsula, and Schoolcraft noted in 1834 that specimens had been taken at Sault Ste. Marie (Barrows, 1912).]

*Ruffed Grouse, Bonasa umbellus

Common permanent resident in forests. Generally absent from islands in the Great Lakes (Hatt, et al., 1948; Jordan and Shelton, 1982), but seen on South Manitou Island, Leelanau County, where it has nested, and on Beaver Island, Charlevoix County, where introduced in 1948 (JPW 42:236, 1964; 51:8, 1973), and on High Island, where it nests regularly (UMMZ). Both gray and brown color phases of the plumage occur in Michigan.

*Greater Prairie-Chicken, Tympanuchus cupido

Formerly widespread but local resident in both the Upper and Lower Peninsulas. In 1930 the species occurred throughout Michigan, but in the succeeding years the extending forest habitats and the intensive land use practices in the south led to its decline. By the late 1950's the species disappeared in the Upper Peninsula, and fewer than 1000 remained in the Northern Lower Peninsula. Original Michigan population extinct, with no certain records since 1981, when it was last seen near Marion, Osceola County (DNR; MNFI).

*Sharp-tailed Grouse, Tympanuchus phasianellus

Common locally on Isle Royale and in the Upper Peninsula. Local and uncommon in the northern Lower Peninsula, where the current population was introduced. Observed mainly in cleared lands in Houghton, Baraga, Chippewa, Luce, Alger, Mackinac, and Schoolcraft counties. Four breeding populations are known in the Lower Peninsula, the largest near Gaylord, Otsego County (DNR). First recorded on Isle Royale in 1884 (Jordan and Shelton, 1982); earliest specimens were taken in 1905 (UMMZ 33365, 33366). Sharp-tailed Grouse are capable of flight across the 13 miles of water and they colonized Isle Royale from the mainland of Ontario (Jordan and Shelton, 1982). The species spread into the Upper Peninsula from Wisconsin in about 1922 (Wood, 1951).

*Wild Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo

Common, local introduced species in the Lower Peninsula, also in Upper Peninsula with hundreds in Dickinson County. Formerly occurred as wild birds north to Isabella and Bay counties, common until 1875, last known records were in 1897 (Barrows, 1912). Last observed in Calhoun County in 1874 (JPW 39:105, 1961; Walkinshaw, 1978). UMMZ specimens taken prior to 1900 include 6 adults, two with data: 99601, Almena Swamp, Van Buren County, on 27 February 1882; 84002, 3 miles SW of Reese, Saginaw County, in November 1886. A specimen in Fort St. Joseph Museum, Niles, was taken in 1837 at the Pawating crossing of the St. Joseph River at Niles, Berrien County. Another specimen, in GRPM, was taken at Grand Rapids "about 1880" (Wood, 1951), and a bird at CMU was taken near the end of the century, but no data are available with these specimens. Introduced stock has become widespread, with 1982 estimate of 15,000 turkeys (Michigan Natural Resources Magazine,52(2):10-19, 1983). Largest populations occur around Oscoda, Crawford, Lake, and Allegan counties, and on Beaver Island and North Manitou Island in northern Lake Michigan. One seen on High Island in 1981 and 1982, perhaps had crossed the ice in winter from Beaver Island (F. Cuthbert). Now regular near Pellston, Emmet County. In the Upper Peninsula, turkeys are common locally in Menominee County.

*Northern Bobwhite, Colinus virginianus

Uncommon to common local resident in southern part of state, disappearing in severe winters. Birds were found in northern Lower Michigan as recently as 1973-1974, with specimens in CMU from Torch Lake in Antrim County and in Grand Traverse County as well as from Isabella County. Observed north to Montcalm, Midland, and Bay counties in the past few years (DNR).

*Yellow Rail, Coturnicops noveboracensis

Uncommon transient and summer resident. Summer records noted locally in the Upper Peninsula (Wood, 1951), including Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Schoolcraft County, at Sleeper Lake, Luce County, and at Munuscong Bay, Chippewa County, where nesting was observed (Auk 56:227-237, 1939). Formerly nested in small numbers in southeastern Michigan, with a set of eggs taken in Ida Township, Monroe County (Barrows, 1912), and a nest photographed at Duck Lake, Highland Township, Oakland County (Wood, 1951). Other observations in Berrien, St. Joseph, Ingham, Livingston, and Kalamazoo counties (ZVT; OBC; MAS; KNC). Field observations are needed to determine its local numbers and distribution.

Black Rail, Laterallus jamaicensis

Occasional transient, scarce and irregular north of its known breeding range. One specimen: UMMZ 119882 taken at Portage Lake, Jackson County, immature female, on 12 September 1951.

*King Rail, Rallus elegans

Uncommon transient and summer resident, has decreased in numbers in recent years. Found north through Lower Peninsula to Emmet County. Seen in marshes near Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie, breeding on Harsen's Island in Lake St. Clair (JPW 58:160, 1980), also observed at Sterling State Park, Pte. Mouillee, and Erie Gun Club in Monroe County (MNFI), near Alpena, Alpena County (JPW 54:162, 1976), Boardman River in Grand Traverse County (JPW 48:98, 1970), and Grand Haven Marsh in Ottawa County (JPW 49:118, 1971). Observed in the Upper Peninsula at Marquette (JPW 47:104, 1969; photo in UMMZ). Most of these localities are not regular sites and the King Rail is apparently restricted as a breeding species to the St. Clair Flats, Erie State Game Area, and Pte. Mouillee State Game Area (MNFI). Occasional into winter.

*Virginia Rail, Rallus limicola

Common transient and local summer resident. Occasional in winter. Breeds in sedge and cattail marshes.

*Sora, Porzana carolina

Common transient and summer resident; occasional in winter. Habitat same as in Virginia Rail. The two call in response to the other's calls as well as their own.

Purple Gallinule, Porphyrula martinica

Occasional visitor from its southern range. UMMZ specimens: 161b from "southeastern Michigan" in 1837, 208197 from Grand Marais, Alger County, on 10 May 1964, 209703 from Flint Township, Genesee County, on 29 May 1965, and 206191 from Mackinac City, Cheboygan County, on 19 April 1983. Photographed at Maple River Game Area, Gratiot County, on 4 May 1969 (UMMZ). Other records in Dickinson, Clinton, and Macomb counties (JPW 52:151, 1974).

*Common Moorhen, Gallinula chloropus

Common migrant and summer resident, more numerous in the south. Occasional into early winter. One record in January in Berrien County (OBC; Mlodinow, 1984), also seen in winter in Muskegon and Macomb Counties (AB 39:170, 1985). Two adults banded in southwestern Michigan in June returned in the following year to the same area. Another bird was recovered five years later in January in Cuba.

*American Coot, Fulica americana

Common transient, common summer resident. Breeds throughout the state, most numerous in the south. Uncommon in winter in southern Michigan in areas with open water; locally numerous in Berrien County until the waters freeze (OBC 19:2, 1980). Two birds banded as young, have been recovered in a later breeding season. One was recovered in Michigan 58 km from its birth place. The other was banded in Minnesota and recovered six years later in June in Michigan, 914 km from its birthplace. Birds banded in Michigan have been recovered in winter in numbers in Florida and in Louisiana. One was recovered in the Bahamas, a distance of 2,570 km. From birds banded in summer in the northern Great Plains (Minnesota and the Dakotas, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta) we have 23 autumn recoveries. A bird observed at Metrobeach Park, Macomb County, from 20 April through 4 June 1982, was identified by birders as a "Caribbean Coot" (F. caribaea) by its white shield, lacking a red knob. The bird bred with a normal red-shielded American Coot. Both members of the pair accompanied and fed the downy young on the nesting territory (Wilson Bull. 95:467-469, 1983; UMMZ).

*Sandhill Crane, Grus canadensis

Common transient and common but local summer resident. Migrants arrive as early as late February, more flew in March. About 200 breeding pairs now in southeastern Michigan, mainly in Jackson and Livingston counties, increasing with protection (JPW 51:55-74, 1973; 52:103-114, 1974). Breeding populations also in Oceana, Mason, and Cheboygan counties. Breeding cranes in the Upper Peninsula are most numerous in Mackinac, Chippewa, Luce, Schoolcraft, Alger, and Delta counties, and they also breed in the western Upper Peninsula in Baraga and Houghton counties (JPW 56:107-121, 1978; UMMZ). Large numbers (flocks of as many as 1000) stage in late autumn (November) at Haehnle Sanctuary, Jackson County. Michigan birds migrate to Florida for the winter (Auk 89:541-548, 1972; Wilson Bull. 91:137-141, 1979; Florida Field Nat. 10:1-8, 1982). They return mainly in March. Occasionally a few birds remain in Michigan; three wintered near Waterloo, Jackson County,in 1981-1982 and one at Baker Sanctuary, Calhoun County, in 1982-1983 (W. Koelz; AB 37:304, 1983).

Black-bellied Plover, Pluvialis squatarola

Common transient, observed in spring and autumn. One seen 15-18 December is the latest seasonal record (AB 38:319, 1984).

Lesser Golden Plover, Pluvialis dominica

Uncommon transient, numerous in some years. Observed in spring and autumn.

[Snowy Plover, Charadrius alexandrinus

Hypothetical. Sight record at Escanaba, Delta County, on 23 May 1963 (JPW 42:201, 1964).]

Semipalmated Plover, Charadrius semipalmatus

Common transient. Occasionally seen into early June (JPW 62:107, 1984). Observed mainly on shores of Great Lakes.

*Piping Plover, Charadrius melodus

Uncommon summer resident. Formerly bred in numbers locally on shores and islands of Great Lakes, but recent total counts on Michigan shoreline showed only 31 pairs in 1979 16 pairs in 1981, 14 pairs in 1982, and 13 in 1984 (JPW 59:44-52, 1981; AB 36:979, 1982; 37:991, 1983; MNFI). Piping Plovers have been extirpated as a breeding species from Lakes Ontario and Erie, and they are endangered on Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior due to beach disturbance. Breeding pairs in Wilderness State Park, Emmet County, and between Whitefish Point, Chippewa County, west to Crisp Point, Luce County, also pairs usually seen near Grand Marais, Alger County, on Sturgeon Bay, Emmet County; and at Leelanau State Park, Leelanau County (MNFI).

*Killdeer, Charadrius vociferus

Common transient and summer resident. A few remain into early winter, and some arrive by late February. Occasional birds may overwinter in southern Michigan. The four winter recoveries of birds banded in Michigan were from Alabama (2) and Florida (2). A young bird banded in Michigan was recovered in Michigan in May two years later, 23 km from its birthsite.

[Mountain Plover, Charadrius montanus

Hypothetical. Reported for Watton, Baraga County, on 13 May 1976 (AB 30:845, 1976).]

[Black-necked Stilt, Himantopus mexicanus

Hypothetical. Sight records at Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge, Saginaw County, on 6-13 June 1980 (AB 34:897, 1980; UMMZ).]

American Avocet, Recurvirostra americana

Occasional to uncommon transient. Observed in several years at St. Joseph, Berrien County, with about 15 local records, all but one in autumn, and with 12 birds in September 1974 (JPW 47:48, 1969; OBC; photo in UMMZ). Seen in spring less often, with records in Monroe, Muskegon, and Emmet counties. 1964 (UMMZ). A few records in summer (OBC; JPW 61:102, 1984). Observed in the Upper Peninsula at Vermillion, Chippewa County, on 9 May 1981 (AB 35:826, 1981).

Greater Yellowlegs, Tringa melanoleuca

Common transient. Occasional in summer.

Lesser Yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes

Common transient. Occasional in summer. near the Straits of Mackinac in July and August. Seen on Kingston Plains, Alger County, on 27 June 1979 (UMMZ). A few hundred have been seen by late July in the Erie marshes (JPW 62:107, 1984). Occurs in numbers in migration, with many hundreds seen in some years (AB 39:56, 1985). One stayed into December in Berrien County (AB 39:56, 1985).

Solitary Sandpiper, Tringa solitaria

Common transient, observed occasionally in summer.

Willet, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus

Uncommon transient. UMMZ specimens: 39066, Detroit, "1880"; 84842, Whitmore Lake, Livingston County, on 20 August 1935. Willets have been seen into early June (late spring migrants?) and in late June (early fall migrants?) near Grand Haven, Ottawa County. Early transient in late summer and autumn, with July and August records apparently being early autumn migrants

*Spotted Sandpiper, Actitis macularia

Common transient and summer resident, breeding throughout the state. The four recoveries of Michigan birds are of a young bird found three years later in Cheboygan County 18 km from its birthplace, and three adults that returned to the same site in a later year.

*Upland Sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda

Uncommon transient. Uncommon and local summer resident in the south, more common in the northern two-thirds of the state, especially in Houghton, Baraga, and Marquette counties.

Eskimo Curlew, Numenius borealis

Vagrant. The species is nearly extinct (AB 31:127-138a, 1977) but has been reported in the Northwest Territories of Canada in the breeding season in 1980's and also in migration in coastal Texas (A.B. 38:000, 1984). One Michigan specimen examined: UMMZ 99731, taken near Kalamazoo, on 28 October 1879. The other Michigan specimen in Berlin Museum 12406 was taken at Detroit, autumn 1834 (Hahn, 1963:188).

Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus

Uncommon transient. UMMZ has specimens 59582 from Whitefish Point, Chippewa County, on 24 September 1928; 67466 from same location, on 25 May 1922; 68833 from Sand Point, Huron County, on 26 May 1931; 136492 from North Cape, Monroe County, on 2 June 1965. Seen in sparse numbers in migration throughout the state. Large flocks observed in spring in recent years at Pte. Mouillee, Monroe County (DAS). Migrants are seen most often during the last 10 days of May and at the following locations: Lake Erie in Monroe County, Tawas Point in Alpena County, and Whitefish Point in Chippewa County (AB 38:913, 1984).

[Long-billed Curlew, Numenius americanus

Hypothetical. Earlier records (Barrows, 1912) were undocumented and no specimens are known in Michigan. Sight record at the Au Train Goose Management Area in Alger County on 4 May 1981 (DNR).]

Hudsonian Godwit, Limosa haemastica

Uncommon transient. Fewer than 10 are usually seen through the state in spring migration (JPW 62:82, 1984). Observed in spring and autumn.

Marbled Godwit, Limosa fedoa

Uncommon transient. UMMZ specimens: 47139, Detroit River, Wayne County, on 1 August 1882; 74844, Erie Marsh, Monroe County, on 1 September 1934; 98425, Erie Marsh, Monroe County, on 13 August 1938; and 210857, North Cape, Monroe County, on 21 August 1957. A few are observed in each migration season. Observed in spring and autumn.

Ruddy Turnstone, Arenaria interpres

Common transient. Observed mainly on shores of the Great Lakes, where they feed in part by scavenging dead fish.

Red Knot, Calidris canutus

Uncommon transient. Observed mainly on shores of the Great Lakes. Seen regularly at Waugoshance Point, Emmet County, in late May. Irregular in spring in Berrien County. Seen in spring as late as 4 June in Bay County at Saginaw River disposal island. Autumn migrants seen as early as 27 July in Berrien County (AB 34:897, 1980; JPW 62:107, 1984).

Sanderling, Calidris alba

Common transient in spring. A few nonbreeding birds remain in summer. The most abundant sandpiper on shores of Great Lakes in autumn where transients seen until November; one seen as late as 1 January 1979 in Berrien County (OBC). Uncommon transient inland.

Semipalmated Sandpiper, Calidris pusilla

Common transient in spring and autumn. A few non-breeding birds remain in summer. A bird banded near Saginaw in September was recovered in the next month in Surinam.

Western Sandpiper, Calidris mauri

Occasional to uncommon transient, most records in autumn. UMMZ specimens: 83569, Erie Marsh, Monroe County, on 8 August 1936; 112885, Erie Township, Monroe County, 21 August 1943; 153753, North Cape, Monroe County, on 2 June 1954; 212820, 212821, Erie Township, on 31 August 1967. Another specimen KCS 657 (now KNC) male from Kalamazoo on 19 August 1884. Photographed at St. Joseph, Berrien County, on 16 August 1969 and 23 August 1971, (UMMZ). Observed throughout the state, fairly regular in late summer (July and August) in Berrien County (OBC).

Least Sandpiper, Calidris minutilla

Common transient. A few non-breeding birds remain in summer.

White-rumped Sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis

Uncommon transient. More numerous in spring than in autumn. July records are early autumn transients (JPW 61:102, 1983).

Baird's Sandpiper, Calidris bairdii

Uncommon transient, mainly in autumn. Spring migrants seen at Whitefish Point and at the Muskegon sewage ponds. Fall migrants noted especially at White Pine Copper Co. Tailings Dam, Ontonagon County (JPW 62:29, 1984).

Pectoral Sandpiper, Calidris melanotos

Common transient. A few non-breeding birds remain in summer. Birds seen in large numbers after mid-July are probably in transit from their arctic breeding grounds. A bird banded in the Upper Peninsula in early September was recovered in late August three years later in Columbia.

Purple Sandpiper, Calidris maritima

Occasional but regular autumn transient. UMMZ specimen 155604 taken at Laketon Township, Muskegon County, on 10 December 1960. Photographed at St. Joseph, Berrien County, on 23 December 1970 and 5-23 November 1972 (UMMZ). Observations mainly in November and December along southern Lake Michigan from Ottawa, Muskegon, and Berrien counties, where it is recorded nearly every year, and from Pt. Huron to Lake Erie in the east. Some recorded into winter and February record at Muskegon (AB 39:140, 1985; JPW 61:65, 1983). Two spring records: near Cheboygan, Cheboygan County, on 22 May 1976 (KNC) and one at Muskegon, 1983 (JPW 61:86, 1983).

Dunlin, Calidris alpina

Common transient. Observed as early as 9 May in Berrien County (OBS). Molting birds observed on shores of Great Lakes well into May. Occasional nonbreeding birds in summer. A few late autumn birds remain into December. A bird banded in October in Florida was recovered in the following year in late May in Michigan.

Curlew Sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea

Vagrant. Color photograph of bird in breeding plumage at Pte. Mouillee, Monroe County, on 13 May 1975 (UMMZ). A bird in partial breeding plumage was photographed at the Coopersville sewage ponds, Ottawa County, on 19-26 May 1984 (AB 38:914, 1984).

Stilt Sandpiper, Calidris himantopus

Uncommon transient. More numerous in autumn than in spring. Dates of specimens from Michigan range from 28 July to 15 September. The summer observations probably refer to early autumn migrants (JPW 56:204, 1978; 60:155, 1982). Hundreds have been seen in migration at White Pine Copper Co. tailings dam in Ontonogan County (JPW 62:29, 1984).

Buff-breasted Sandpiper, Tryngites subruficollis

Uncommon but regular transient. Autumn migrants seen as early as late July (AB 34:897, 1980). Less often seen in spring, sometimes locally numerous transient in autumn, especially on golf courses and sod farms in southeastern Michigan, where it associates with Lesser Golden Plovers. Also seen in numbers in autumn in Ontonagon County (JPW 62:29, 1984).

Ruff, Philomachus pugnax

Occasional transient, few records but one or two seen in migration in spring in recent years. UMMZ specimen 209210 taken in Fort Gratiot Township, St. Clair County, on 29 April 1965. Also observed on Saginaw Bay (most recently at Fish Point, Tuscola County) (JPW 60:127, 1982), on Freemont sewage ponds in Newaygo County (MAS), Muskegon Wastewater System (photo, AB 36:980, 1982), in Isabella County (Cuthbert, 1963), Ottawa County (JPW 52:192, 1974), Ingham County (AB 30:845, 1976), Berrien County (4 records, OBC), Oakland County (AB 37:183, 1983), Macomb County (AB 35:826, 1981), and Monroe County (Kelley, 1978; UMMZ).

Short-billed Dowitcher, Limnodromus griseus

Common transient. Sometimes hundreds observed in a flock in spring, usually more numerous in late summer and autumn.

Long-billed Dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus

Common transient. UMMZ specimens were all taken in late summer and autumn. Field observations are needed to distinguish the times of migration of the two species of dowitchers.

*Common Snipe, Gallinago gallinago

Common transient and local summer resident throughout. More numerous in the northern two-thirds of the state, but it nests in the south as well (Wood, 1951; JPW 41:92-93, 1963; 52:184, 1974; 61:86, 1983). Occasional in winter in the southern counties. Banding recoveries show the wintering grounds of two Michigan birds to be in Florida and Alabama.

*American Woodcock, Scolopax minor

Common transient and summer resident. Occasional birds remain into winter (December and January). Returning woodcock arrive in February and March. A young bird banded in Alabama was recovered in autumn in Michigan (Wilson Bull. 91:463-464, 1979). Woodcock banded in Michigan as juveniles move mainly into southern Louisiana, extreme eastern Texas, and southern Mississippi in winter. Michigan birds migrate southward mainly between the Mississippi River and the Appalachian Mountains. Most woodcock (30 of 54) banded as juveniles in Michigan that were recovered in a later year from spring to autumn were taken within 10 km of their home site, and adults also usually return to the same site each year (BBL; UMMZ).

*Wilson's Phalarope, Phalaropus tricolor

Uncommon transient and occasional summer resident. Formerly bred Jackson, Huron, and ?Bay counties; UMMZ downy young in Jackson and Huron counties, all from the period 1929-1934. A. B. Covert's nesting record of Portage Lake, Livingston County in 1887 is questionable only because many of his other records are of dubious validity (cf. Barrows, 1912:740 f.f.; Wilson Bull. 1913). Summer records from Escanaba, Delta County, in 1965, Shiawassee, Saginaw County, in 1981, Muskegon sewage ponds, Muskegon County, in 1984, Buckhorn and Benton Heights, Berrien County, in 1968, and Pte. Mouillee, Monroe County, in 1981 and 1983, and near White Pine, Ontonagon County, in 1983 (JPW 61:102, 1983; 62:108, 1984; DNR; OBC; DAS). These summer records suggest possible nesting sites. A half-grown young near Saginaw Bay in 1967 (JPW 45:113, 1967) and a nest (empty but with male defending area) at Pte. Mouillee in 1981 (AB 35:942, 1981) indicate recent breeding in the state.

Red-necked Phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus

Uncommon transient, seen mainly in autumn. Observed regularly (to 20 birds at a time) at Muskegon sewage . One observed at Erie Marsh on 1-2 December 1973 (JPW 52:84, 1974). A few have been seen each year in recent years at Port Huron in St. Clair County. 34:275, 1980; JPW 61:4, 1983; DAS).

Parasitic Jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus

Uncommon but regular transient in autumn, mainly along eastern shore of Lake Michigan and along Lake Huron at St. Clair River. Since 1974 and average of 25 birds have been seen each year in southeastern Michigan and southwestern Ontario (JPW 61:4, 1983). Only three sightings in spring *** and at Whitefish Point on 28 May 1984 and 29 May 1985 (AB 38:915, 1984; 39:303, 1985).

Long-tailed Jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus

Occasional transient. Specimens: UMMZ 158417, North Cape, Monroe County, found dead on 21 September 1963; MSU 4796, Keweenaw Bay, Baraga County, on 17 August 1965. An adult was photographed at St. Joseph, Berrien County, on 16 September 1965 (JPW 48:46-51, 1970; photos in UMMZ). The photographs of an immature jaeger at Nayanguing Point, Bay County, on 16 August 1981 prove to be of an immature Parasitic Jaeger. A subadult Long-tailed Jaeger was photographed on Drummond Island, Chippewa County, on 27 June 1985 (AB 39:915, 1986; photos in UMMZ). Other reports are considered of questionable identification. One spring record: Whitefish Point, Chippewa County, on 7 June 1984 (JPW 62:108, 1984).

Laughing Gull, Larus atricilla

Uncommon transient, regular in late spring, irregular in summer and autumn. Specimen UMMZ 218895, taken on High Island, near Beaver Island, Charlevoix County, on 4 June 1972. Observed regularly in spring and less often in autumn at St. Joseph, Berrien County (JPW 47:48, 1969; 61:103, 1983; Goldeneye 20(4):3, 1981; OBC; photos in UMMZ). Reported in the Upper Peninsula on St. Mary's River, Chippewa County (AB 33:865, 1979) and at Whitefish Point, Chippewa County (WPBO), and in the Lower Peninsula at Petoskey, Emmet County, at Tawas Point, Alpena County, at Erie Marsh in Monroe County, at Harsen's Island in St. Clair County, and at Gibraltar in Wayne County (Kelley, 1978; AFN 24:298, 1970; AB 35:942, 1981; 38:914, 1984; DAS; OBC; UMMZ). The High Island specimen was and adult female, had large ova and was within a few days of laying.

Franklin's Gull, Larus pipixcan

Uncommon transient. Specimens: UMMZ 209997, 209998, both taken at North Cape, Monroe County, on 6 November 1965. MSU 4806, skeleton, Beaver Island, Charlevoix County, on 16 October 1964. A regular visitor in spring and autumn on Lake Michigan at St. Joseph, Berrien County, with hundreds in some years, and along Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie in Macomb, Wayne, and Monroe counties in recent years. Observed north to Lake Superior, Whitefish Point, Chippewa County, and Houghton, Houghton County. Infrequently seen inland, with observations in Berrien, Muskegon, Kalamazoo, and Ingham counties (McWhirter and Beaver, 1977; AB 37:183, 1983; 38:1023, 1984; WPBO; KNC; OBC; UMMZ).

*Little Gull, Larus minutus

Uncommon transient, occasional summer resident. UMMZ specimens 209980 at North Cape, Monroe County, on 6 November 1965, and 217805 at North Cape on 4 May 1971. Observed in several years in autumn along the shore of Lake Michigan in Ottawa and Berrien counties, where one was photographed 10 August 1972 (JPW 56:48, 1978; OBC; photo in UMMZ). Also seen at St. Joseph, Berrien County, in spring and rarely in late July (JPW 56:48, 1978; JPW 62:108, 1984; OBC). More than 10 sight records on Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, St. Clair River, and Detroit River. Seen on Saginaw Bay at Nayanquing Point, Bay County (UMMZ). Nested in the Upper Peninsula at Portage Marsh near Escanaba, Delta County, from 1976 to 1980 (AB 30:959, 1976; DNR; MNFI). Recorded as late as December in Houghton County (AB:38:320, 1984), January in Monroe County (Kelley, 1978; 39:624, 1985).

Common Black-headed Gull, Larus ridibundus

Occasional visitor. One specimen: UMMZ 210572 from Tawas Point, Iosco County, on 2 June 1966. Observed near Grand Haven, Ottawa County, on 23 November 1971 (JPW 52:192, 1972), another seen over four consecutive years near Monroe, Monroe County (AB 34:164, 1980), in Dearborn, Wayne County, on 4-5 December 1983 (AB 38:320, 1984; MORC; photo in UMMZ), one on Saginaw Bay, Bay County, on 12 December 1981 (JPW 60:92, 1982), one near Port Huron on 1-2 January 1982 (UMMZ), and one at Whitefish Point, Chippewa County, on 4 June 1982 (AB 36:980, 1982).

*Bonaparte's Gull, Larus philadelphia

Common transient on Great Lakes, less common inland. Flock of hundreds are seen in migration. Said to have nested in Bay de Noc, Delta County, in 1880 (Kumlien and Hollister, ]

*Ring-billed Gull, Larus delawarensis

Common transient and summer resident, nesting on northern Lake Huron and Lake Michigan islands and on islands in St. Mary's River in outlet of Saginaw River in Saginaw Bay, and in the Detroit River. Nests inland in sewage ponds in Muskegon County, on Dow Chemical Company holding ponds in Midland County, and limestone quarry at Rogers City, Presque Isle County. Species nests on all the Great Lakes, where U.S. populations in 1976 were estimated at 89,998 nesting pairs, including all states (Scharf, 1979). Birds banded as chicks in Michigan winter have been recovered along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from North Carolina to Louisiana (JPW 52:115-179, 1974). Ring-billed Gulls also winter in small numbers on the southern Great Lakes.

California Gull, Larus californicus

Occasional in spring and autumn, a few observed into winter. Young bird banded in colony at Great Salt Lake, Utah, was found dead in same year at Tawas City, Iosco County, on 11 August 1948 (Proc. Utah Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters 29:27, 1952). Sight records at Grand Marais, Alger County, on 10-12 September 1968 (JPW 47:12, 1969; UMMZ), Marquette Harbor, Marquette County, on 11-13 September 1975 (JPW 54:176, 1976; photos in UMMZ), Whitefish Point, Chippewa County, on 17 September 1968 (JPW 47:12, 1969; UMMZ) and on 23-25 May 1979 (UMMZ), Metrobeach, Macomb County, on 10 April 1978 and 3 December 1983 (JPW 56:3, 1978; AB 38:320, 1984; UMMZ), Monroe Power Plant, Monroe County, on 24 and 28 March 1978 (JPW 56:3, 1978; UMMZ), Macomb, Macomb County, on 30 August- 1 September 1978 (AB 33:180, 1979), near Port Huron on 20 December 1982 (JPW 61:41, 1983; photos in UMMZ), and Morrow Lake, Kalamazoo County, in April 1984 (AB 38:914, 1984; MORC).

*Herring Gull, Larus argentatus

Common transient and summer resident. Some remain in Michigan waters in all seasons. Nests on islands in the northern Great Lakes and in St. Mary's River, Lake St. Clair, and Detroit River, also on cliffs on mainland of Lake Superior at Pictured Rocks. Nests on more islands and in many smaller colonies than Ring-billed Gulls. Breeding population on U. S. Great Lakes (not all in Michigan) estimated in 1976 at 26,719 pairs (Scharf, 1979). Rarely nests inland (JPW 61:102, 1983). Gulls from the Great Lakes winter on the Great Lakes, along the Atlantic coast, in the Mississippi River valley, and along the Gulf coast. Most winter recoveries of bonded juveniles are south of the Great Lakes, while nearly all winter recoveries of birds two years and older are on the Great Lakes, in areas with open water (Bird-Banding 47:141-159, 1976).

Thayer's Gull, Larus thayeri

Occasional transient and winter visitor. Several sight records since 1973, from St. Joseph in Berrien County, Port Huron and Marysville in St. Clair County, Grosse Ile and Belle Isle in Wayne County, Monroe in Monroe County, Muskegon sewage ponds in Newago County, and Whitefish Point in Chippewa County, all from November through May (OBC 17:3, 1978; JPW 56:155, 1978; 60:60, 91, 1982; 61:65, 1983; 62:83, 1984; MORC). Photos near Port Huron on 20-30 December 1981 (UMMZ).

Iceland Gull, Larus glaucoides

Uncommon transient and winter visitor. Only Michigan specimen was taken at Sault Ste. Marie in 1901, (photo examined by Barrows, 1912, photo since lost). Early seasonal record: one seen on 12 September 1983 at St. Joseph, Berrien County (AB 38:206, 1984). Observed in winter in Straits of Mackinac (Pettingill, 1974). A few have been seen each winter and early spring over past 12 years along the shoreline of southern Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake St. Clair, St. Clair River, and Lake Erie.

Lesser Black-backed Gull, Larus fuscus

Vagrant. Adult at Metrobeach, Macomb County, on 31 March 1979 (AB 33:773, 1979; photo in UMMZ). Observed at Gull Lake, Kalamazoo County, on 10 November 1976 (UMMZ), at Loon Lake, Benzie County, on 15 December 1979 (JPW 59:65, 1981), and at Port Huron, St. Clair County, on 24 November 1980 (UMMZ).

[Glaucous-winged Gull, Larus glaucescens

Hypothetical. Description of bird perhaps of this species seen at St. Joseph, Berrien County, on 19 December 1970 (Goldeneye 9(1):8, 1970; UMMZ).]

Glaucous Gull, Larus hyperboreus

Uncommon transient and winter visitor. A few observed early each winter in recent years along the shoreline of the Great Lakes. A few records into May (JPW 61:86, 1983). Scarce inland, seen in Kalamazoo County on 1 January 1981 (MAS) and at Higgins Lake, Roscommon County, on 19 December 1981 (AB 36:587, 1982). Reported in spring 1979 (DAS). Reported in suummer at Waugoshance Point, Emmet County, on 18 July 1976 (photo, JPW 55: 95-96, 1977), and St. Joseph, Berrien County, from 14 June through 10 July and on 12 and 17 August 1963 (OBC 2:3, 1963). More frequently seen in Michigan than Iceland Gull.

Great Black-backed Gull, Larus marinus

Common transient and winter visitor on all the Great Lakes. Three UMMZ specimens: 111856, Erie Marsh, Monroe County, on 27 February 1943; 153259, North Cape, Monroe County, on 19 March 1963; 143873, Cheboygan, on 30 December 1958. One specimen: MSU 6218, mouth of Huron River, Baraga County, on 15 December 1969. Several (sometimes over 100) each autumn and winter on Lake Erie; less common on the other Great Lakes. Occasional inland: Kellogg Bird Sanctuary, Kalamazoo County, on 9 April 1979 (KNC). Observed north to Keweenaw Bay and Whitefish Point on Lake Superior. Observed in summer in Lake Erie (Kelley, 1966; AB 34:897, 1980) and once at Waugoschance Point, Emmet County (AB 39:915, 1986). A few birds have nested in Ontario, mainly in eastern Lake Ontario but once in Lake Huron (Peck and James, 1983).

Black-legged Kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla

Uncommon transient, nearly all records in autumn, mainly along the shoreline of the Great Lakes. Regular in autumn at Port Huron, St. Clair County, with as many as 34 seen in area in fall 1980. Irregular; none observed in some years. Seen in spring at Whitefish Point, Chippewa County, on 28 May 1983. One summering bird near South Manitou Island on 30 July 1977 (JPW 55:193, 1977; 61:5, 1983; AB 37:873, 1983).

Sabine's Gull, Xema sabini

Occasional transient. One UMMZ specimen: 134856, at West Olive, Ottawa County, found dead 1 November 1953. MSU specimen: 2827 at L'Anse Bay, Baraga County, on 26 October 1959. Observed at L'Anse Bay on 23 October 1957 and (three birds, one collected) on 26 October 1959 (JPW 38:23-24, 1960), St. Joseph, Berrien County, on 26 October 1962 and 10 October 1967 (JPW 47:50, 1969), 17 September 1975, and October 1985 (OBC 15:13, 1975; AB 40:116, 1986), in St. Mary's Channel, Sault Ste. Marie, in autumn 1971 (JPW 50:6, 1972), in Lake Huron on 7 October 1970 (AFN 25:63, 1971), at Erie Marsh on 29 November 1974 (Kelley, 1978), at Erie Power Plant and North Cape, Monroe County, on 28-31 October 1976 (JPW 55:9, 1977), and at Port Huron, St. Clair County in October and November in several recent years (JPW 59:10, 1981; AB 37:183, 1983; 39:55, 57, 1985; UMMZ).

[Ivory Gull, Pagophila eburnea

Hypothetical. Sight records reported between Trenton and Grosse Ile, Wayne County, on 12 January 1949 (JPW 27:60, 1949), at St. Joseph, Berrien County, on 15 March 1963 (JPW 47:50, 1969, a doubtful record), at Holland, Allegan County, on 31 December 1973 (JPW 52:134, 1974), and at Rockwood, Wayne County, on 21 December 1974 (JPW 53:18, 1975).]

*Caspian Tern, Sterna caspia

Common transient and summer resident on Great Lakes, much less common inland. Nests on islands in northern Lake Michigan (Ile aux Galets, Hat Island, High Island, Gravelly Island, Little Gull Island) and in Lake Huron and (since 1982) Saginaw Bay. Population estimated at 1900 breeding pairs in 1981 (MNFI), 2150 in 1982, and 850 in 10 colonies in 1983 (JPW 61:13-15, 1983; MNFI).

*Common Tern, Sterna hirundo

Common transient and local nesting resident on islands in the Great Lakes; uncommonly nest inland. Colonies are known on St. Mary's River, northern Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Saginaw Bay, and Lake Erie. Breeding population in 1982 was 2150 pairs at 27 sites, with nearly 600 nesting pairs in Saginaw Bay, 271 at Pte. Mouille and a smaller number at power plant in Monroe County (Scharf, 1979; MNFI). Most winter recoveries of adults from the Great Lakes are from South America particularly the northwest coast, and of juveniles are from the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. Migration is mainly along the Atlantic coast. In the Great Lakes most birds breed in a colony other than the one where they were born (Bird-Banding 49:142-156, 1978).

[Arctic Tern, Sterna paradisaea

Hypothetical. Recent sight records, none with good descriptions or photographs: two in spring at Whitefish Point and mouth of the Tahquamenon River, Chippewa County, on 17 and 19 May 1979; one at Whitefish Point, Chippewa County, on 28 May 1984, one at Nayanquing Point, Bay County, on 9 June 1981; one at Pte.